| 總結: | Victor Serge, Erich Fromm y Herbert Marcuse forged some of the first interpretations regarding Nazi and Soviet totalitarian regimes. The particularity of their work in the 1940’s, resided in the interlinking of Marxist and psychoanalytical concepts to understand the rationality underlying Nazism and Stalinism. Parallel to this, they formulated proposals to renew socialism in a democratic sense. These three authors coincided in putting forward that, beyond political repression and bureaucratic control, totalitarian rule was implemented through a powerful ideological apparatus that had taken root in the individual and collective subconscious. Furthermore, they considered the importance of intellectual work to be linked to the psychological mechanisms that sustained the totalitarian phenomenon with the aim of eradicating it.
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